Whimbrel(Numenius phaeopus) |
Year | Season | N | S | |
1961 | Spring | | | seen on 31 May at Duluth by Jan Green. |
1961 | Fall | | | One seen at Duluth on 9 Sep. by Avifaunal Club members. |
1962 | Spring | | | Janet C. Green saw three on Minnesota Point, Duluth on May 24. Last seen there on May 31. |
1963 | Fall | | | Aug. 28, Duluth, D. Meyer. Upland Plover: latest, Aug. 3, Rock Co., Avifaunal Club; Aug. 10, Norman Co., Avifaunal Club. |
1964 | Spring | | | 5-12 Dora Lake, Cass Co, JAM; 5-20 Duluth, 16 JCG. |
1965 | Spring | | | 5-20 (1) and 5-28 (2) Duluth, PBH. ; |
1966 | Summer | | | 5-20 Rochester, Olmsted Co, 2, JPF. Upland Plover. 7-18 Fargo-Moorhead, ad with 1 y, EGA; present in Nobles Co until 7-20 and Jackson Co until 8-1, HSH; Stevens Co, RAG; 7-7 Minneapolis, 1, FN; 6-17 Swift Co, 15, NH; 6-12 and 6-23 Clover Valley, north of Duluth, Anthony Rekas, first Duluth record. |
1967 | Spring | | | 5-27 Duluth, 1,RBJ, JCG, RLH, many other observers. Upland Plover: 4-28 Scott Co., 2, JIM; 5-2 Hennepin Co., FN/ MAS; 5-4 Watonwan Co., EDK; 5-6 Brown Co., HFH and Nicollet Co., EHH. |
1968 | Spring | | | 5-25 Duluth, CLH. |
1969 | Spring | | | 5-23 (10) Cook Co., MA; 5-24 (22) Duluth, CLH, RL, PBH. Upland Plover: 5-2 (5) Watonwan Co., EDK; 5-4 Wilkin Co., EC, and Mpls., FN j MAS; 5-5 Duluth, JCG; 5-30 (4) Clay Co., DMF. |
1969 | Summer | | | 6-2 St. Louis Co. 4 JJG; 6-29 Duluth 3 RL; 7-1 Duluth 2 RL. Latter two records p·erhaps extremely early fall migrants? |
1969 | Fall | | | 9-21 Duluth, by J. P. Perkins. Upland Plover: 8-25 Hennepin 4 VL. |
1970 | Spring | | | 2 reports: Duluth 5-12 (2) and 5-28 (4} MMC. ; |
1971 | Spring | | | 3 reports from Duluth RR; 5-25 (an amazing peak of 28) KE, RR, JG; 5-26 (1) MMC. Upland Plover: early south 5-1 Wilkin VL; 5-2 Carver OJ; 5-4 Watonwan EK; early north 5-1 Clay KH; 5-6 Duluth MMC. |
1973 | Summer | | | 6-2 St. Louis (Duluth) Joe Gallian. |
1974 | Spring | | | 4 reports from Duluth: 5-16 (1) MMC; 5-19 (4) GJN; 5-20 (3) BDC and PF; 5-23 (1) DS; 5-16 Goodhue (4) C. Farnes. |
1974 | Fall | | | 8-10 Duluth MMC. |
1975 | Spring | | | 4 reports: 5-16 Wabasha (2) WDM, RL; 5-17 St. Louis (2) and Meeker (1) OLJ; 5-29 St. Louis (1) BDC; this bird is casual away from Lake Superior. |
1976 | Spring | | | 4 reports of 20 birds: 5-23 Cook (Tofte) (17) Tom Hart; 5-26 St. Louis (1) BDC, BB; 5-30 St. Louis (1) CH, DGW; 5-31 Marshall (1) KE, RBJ, casual away from Lake Superior. |
1976 | Fall | | | 9-17 Big Bay, Cook Co., T. Dyke. |
1977 | Spring | | | 1 report: 5-30 St. Louis DA. |
1977 | Summer | | | Seen only at Duluth on 6-11 (DA, B. Hojnacki). |
1977 | Fall | | | Only report 8-29 to 8-31 Cook (G. Scott). |
1978 | Spring | | | 5-19 Stearns (7) NH; 5-20 St. Louis (31-100) KE, HK, RBJ; 5-27 St. Louis SG. |
1978 | Summer | | | Late migrant 6-4 Duluth (ETS). |
1978 | Fall | | | 8-28 Duluth KE, 9-24 Duluth J. Goin. |
1979 | Spring | | | 5-7 St. Louis DA (11), 5-24 Cook Don Goodermote (150). Only reports. |
1980 | Spring | | | 5-3 Marshall RBA; only report. |
1980 | Fall | | | 9-9 through 14 Duluth, many observers. |
1984 | Spring | | | 5/19 St. Louis (I) KC, M. Hendrickson, 5/27 St. Louis (23) L. Hanson -all reports. |
1984 | Summer | | | 6/17 Duluth (T. Savaloja). |
1985 | Spring | | | Traverse, Clay; Buffbreasted Sandpiper: Olmsted; Ruff: Goodhue; Little Gull and Artie Tern: Duluth; Short-eared Owl: Chippewa; |
1986 | Fall | | | All reports: 9/4-27 Park Point, Duluth m.ob., 9/13-23 North Shore, Duluth m.ob. |
1987 | Summer | | | Late migrant 6/1-2 Cook (TW, WP). |
1988 | Spring | | | All reports; 5/14-23 Duluth m.ob., 5/18-22 Cook (max. 19) WP, TW. |
1989 | Spring | | | Only report: 5/20-29 Duluth (max. 12) m.ob. |
1989 | Fall | | | One report: 9/2 Duluth (1) DE. Stilt Sandpipers and Lesser Yellowlegs, 24 August 1989, Thief River Falls, Pennington County. Photo by Peder Svingen. |
1990 | Spring | | | Only reports: 5/17 St. Louis (25) KE, 5/26- 27 Cook mob. Winter 1990 |
1990 | Summer | | | One bird 6/7 Duluth FL. |
1991 | Fall | | | Only report: 8/22 Tofte, Cook County MH. |
1992 | Spring | | | All reports: 5/17 Otter Tail (20) SDM, 5/18–30 St. Louis mob, 5/23-25 Lake fide KE, 5/23-30 Cook KMH, DN. |
1992 | Summer | | | Only reports: 6/1,3 Lake, 6/10 St. Louis. |
1992 | Fall | | | All reports: 8/29 St. Louis KR, 9/2 St. Louis PS, 9/19–21 St. Louis mob. |
1993 | Spring | | | All reports 5/19–31 St. Louis mob, 5/19 Lake DPV, 5/25–29 Cook KMH, DN. |
1993 | Fall | | | All reports 9/17–10/6 St. Louis mob (2nd latest date for state). |
1994 | Spring | | | All reports: 5/22 Cook SDM, 5/24 Anoka mob, 5/28 St. Louis BL, 5/28 Roseau mob, 5/29 St. Louis CF. |
1994 | Fall | | | All reports: 9/21–25 St. Louis (5) AH, KE. |
1995 | Spring | | | All reports: 5/20–29 St. Louis mob, 5/21 Clearwater (4) DJ, 5/23 Cook (10–12) SM/CE. |
1995 | Fall | | | Only report: 8/22 St. Louis DBe. |
1996 | Spring | | | All reports: 5/18 St. Louis mob, 5/20 Aitkin (4) WN. |
1996 | Fall | | | Only report 9/8 St. Louis fide KE. |
1997 | Spring | | | All reports: 5/17 Dakota (Lake Byllesby) PBu, DBS, 5/24 Sherburne (3) DJe, 5/25 Cook (21) MO, 5/31 St. Louis in two locations: Minnesota Point (4) and Stoney Point (13) mob. |
1997 | Fall | | | No reports. |
1998 | Spring | | | All reports: 5/16–18 St. Louis (28–30) mob, 5/20 Jackson (1) PS, 5/24 Clearwater (2) ABo, 5/28–30 St. Louis (max. 22) mob. |
1998 | Summer | | | First summer reports in six years. First county record on 6/8 in Lac qui Parle (13) RJ; three observed on 6/2 at Duluth in St. Louis Co. CB. |
1998 | Fall | | | All reports were single birds: 9/5 St. Louis KB, 9/17–23 St. Louis mob. |
1999 | Spring | | | All reports were from the northeast region: 5/20–31 St. Louis (max. 19 on 5/23) DBM, mob, 5/28–30 Cook mob. |
1999 | Summer | | | Only report: 6/3 Lake JMc. |
1999 | Fall | | | The only report was from Duluth, the most reliable location in the state for this species: 9/9 St. Louis (1) JLi. |
2000 | Spring | | | Three unusual locations: 5/16 Dakota (6 at L. Byllesby) DBS, 5/17 Big Stone (1 in Toqua Twp.) †PS, 5/24 Becker (single at HSNWR) mob. All other reports were along North Shore of Lake Superior in May as expected, and all were from St. Louis except 5/25 Lake JLi. Peak count 5/20 St. Louis (25) DBe. |
2000 | Summer | | | Only report: 6/2 St. Louis (7 at Park Point in Duluth) KRE. |
2000 | Fall | | | All reports: 8/10 St. Louis (Park Point) PHS, 9/3 Lake (Burlington Bay) fide KRE. |
2001 | Spring | | | Exceptional report 5/19 Marshall (7 at ANWR) CRM et al. Very low numbers along North Shore of Lake Superior, where reported 5/10+ St. Louis mob, 5/29 Cook DMF. |
2001 | Summer | | | Exceptional date and first county record 7/1 Pipestone †CAK, JJS.
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2001 | Fall | | | Only report: 8/23 St. Louis (Park Pt., Duluth) TPW. |
2002 | Spring | | | Arrived north 5/18–19 St. Louis (max. 13) m.ob. High counts 5/24 Cook (25 at Paradise Beach) DFN, 5/24 St. Louis (17–19 at Duluth) KJB, FJN. First county occurrences 5/26 Polk (Crookston lagoons) AXH, PHS, 5/31 Kandiyohi (3 at Green Lake lagoons) RSF. |
2002 | Summer | | | Late migrants 6/5 St. Louis (3 at Duluth) JWB. |
2002 | Fall | | | Only report: 8/18 Cook (1) JWL, SLL. |
2003 | Spring | | | All reports from Northeast, except first county record 5/21 Wilkin (one seen and heard at Breckenridge lagoons) KJB. Early north 5/16–19 St. Louis (max. 32 at Duluth) MH, m.ob. Providing the state's second highest count (226) were two separate flocks within a ten minute period 5/26 Cook (154 at Five Mile Rock and 72 at Paradise Beach) DFN; reports of 100+ at Good Harbor Bay (KRE et al.) and 45 at Grand Marais (TD) the same day were probably among those counted by DFN. Late north 5/27 Cook (1) RBJ. |
2003 | Fall | | | Singles in St. Louis 9/9 (near Brighton Beach) MH, 9/21 (Park Point, Duluth) MTA. |
2004 | Spring | | | Record-early and also at an exceptional location was the flock of 18 Whimbrel at Salt L. 4/18 Lac qui Parle †BJU. Second county occurrence 5/20 Kandiyohi †RSF. All other reports from the Northeast beginning 5/17 Lake (2) JWL and St. Louis (13–16) m.obs., 5/18 Lake (22 at Knife River, also the highest reported count) PHS, 5/19 Cook (18) RBJ. |
2004 | Summer | | | Only report: 6/6–8 St. Louis SLF et al. |
2004 | Fall | | | Only report: 8/28 St. Louis (one at 40th Ave. West, Duluth) JLR. |
2005 | Spring | | | Only report: 5/24 St. Louis LS. |
2005 | Summer | | | Only the second report of a spring migrant this year: 6/9 Cook (Grand Marais harbor) fide JWL. |
2005 | Fall | | | All reports: singles 9/13 Crow Wing (Ironton W.T.P.) JSB, 9/18 St. Louis (Minnesota Point) †PHS et al. |
2006 | Spring | | | Early north 5/20 Lake (one at Knife River) JCG, 5/27 Cook (50+ at Paradise Beach) DFN; also observed at Duluth (3) PHS. All south reports: 5/25 Lac qui Parle (one feeding briskly with a Willet in section 5, Garfield Twp.) BJU, 5/31 Anoka (one at Carlos Avery W.M.A.) BRL et al., †CMB. |
2006 | Summer | | | All reports: 6/2–5 Cook (max. 8, Grand Marais) RBJ, SC, 6/22 St. Louis (Interstate Is., Duluth) KRE. |
2006 | Fall | | | Only report: 9/11 St. Louis (Duluth) KRE. |
2007 | Spring | 3 | | Early north 5/18 Lake of the Woods (1) MHK, JMo, 5/21–22 St. Louis (13) KRE, m.ob., 5/22 Lake (8 at Lighthouse Point, Two Harbors) JWL. High count 5/23 St. Louis (25 at Park Point, Duluth) CMB, DBz. |
2007 | Summer | 2 | | All reports: 6/1, 6/7 St. Louis PHS, 7/18 Cass (Pelican Is., Leech Lake) ph. ABi. |
2007 | Fall | 2 | 1 | Reported from Park Point, Duluth in St. Louis beginning 8/23 PHS; last reported there 10/19 KJB. Also reported 9/15 Lake (Castle Danger) fide JWL. First county record 8/8 Hennepin (2 at Purgatory Creek in Eden Prairie) HCT, †DWK, m.ob. |
2008 | Spring | 3 | | All reports from Cook, Lake, and St. Louis beginning 5/17 St. Louis (2, Park Point, Duluth) PHS. Last reported 5/27 St. Louis CMB. High count of 78 found 5/24 Cook (Paradise Beach) DFN. |
2008 | Fall | | | Only report 8/25 Lake JWL. |
2009 | Spring | 3 | 1 | One south report: 5/23 Kandiyohi (6, Olson Lake W.P.A.) DAB, JWH. All north reports: 5/14–30 St. Louis m.ob, 5/21 Polk (2, Erskine W.T.P.) HHD, JCC, 5/22 Aitkin JSB, 5/23 Marshall (3) REM, m.ob. See summer report for late migrants north. |
2009 | Summer | 1 | | All reports refer to northbound migrants at Park Point, Duluth: 6/1–2 (5) KRE, LS, PHS, 6/13 (3) LS. |
2010 | Spring | 3 | 1 | Only south report 5/24 Lac qui Parle (Yellow Bank Twp.) ph. BJU. All north reports: 5/16 Lake (7, Lighthouse Point, Two Harbors) JWL, St. Louis (Hearding Island, Duluth) PHS, 5/18 St. Louis (2, Park Point) PHS, 5/27 St. Louis (60, Park Point) JLK, 5/29 Cook (3, Paradise Beach) DFN, St. Louis (5, Park Point, Duluth) PHS, 5/30 St. Louis (2, Park Point, Duluth) PHS. |
2010 | Summer | 1 | 1 | Observed 6/1–3 St. Louis ph. PHS, ph. SCZ, 7/28 Dakota KRo, † JPM, †CMB, JWH, ADS, RTe. |
2010 | Fall | | | No reports. |
2011 | Spring | 3 | 1 | One bird in St. Louis (Park Point R.A.) beginning 4/22 (second earliest date on record) ph. PHS and present through 4/29 m.ob. Two north reports away from St. Louis: 5/29 Pennington (Thief River Falls W.T.P.) †JWH, BWF, 5/30 Kittson †JMJ. High count 5/28 St. Louis (18, Park Point R.A.) JLK. Only south report: 5/13 Lac qui Parle (Yellow Bank Twp.) ph. BJU. |
2011 | Summer | 1 | | Observed 6/7 – 6/12 St. Louis (max. 2 at Park Point, Duluth) ph. PHS, m.ob. |
2011 | Fall | | | No reports. |
2012 | Spring | 5 | 1 | Only south report: 5/28 Dakota (Vermillion Twp.) BRL, ph. CMB, m.ob. Early north (median 5/18) 4/23 Cass MaH, 5/19 Clearwater (13) PEB, DWK, 5/20 St. Louis (6) JLK; other north reports from Cook and Lake. High count 5/26 Cook (36, Paradise Beach) DFN. See summer report for late migrants north. |
2012 | Summer | 1 | | Two reports from St. Louis (on or near Hearding Island, Duluth: 6/2 (25) ph. AM, 6/5 (2) ANy. |
2012 | Fall | | | No reports. |
2013 | Spring | 7 | 1 | Only south report and season's high count: 5/24 Big Stone (44, highest count away from Lake Superior) ph. ANy, JWH. Several north reports away from Lake Superior beginning 5/12 Polk (East Grand Forks W.T.P.) ph. SAu, ph. VLa, 5/18 Grant and Traverse (North Ottawa Impoundment) ph. PEB, DWK, HCT, 5/20 Cass (Walker W.T.P.) BAW, 5/29 Itasca ph. SC. All other north reports from Lake Superior: 5/22 St. Louis (19, Park Point) JLK, 5/23 St. Louis DFN, TKe, 5/24 Cook DFN, 5/30 St. Louis (Park Point) MSS, EBr. See summer report for late migrants north (median 6/2). |
2013 | Summer | 1 | | Only report: 6/3 St. Louis (ball field on Park Point) CLW. |
2013 | Fall | | | No fall reports since 2008. |
2014 | Spring | 3 | 1 | All south 5/10 Rice (south of C.R. 12 along C.R. 72) †DAB, ph. GHo, DAB. All north 5/19 St. Louis (14, Duluth) KJB, 5/24 Cook (Paradise Beach) DFN, 5/26 Douglas (south of Brandon) ph. DWK, 5/28 Cook (Taconite Harbor) ClN, MGo, but also see summer report. |
2014 | Summer | 2 | 1 | Seen 6/2 St. Louis (Park Point) JLK, 6/6 Clay (Felton Prairie) ALD, CRM, 7/27 Faribault †WAF, ph. RLE. |
2015 | Spring | 4 | | All north: 5/17–19 St. Louis (Park Point) KJB, TRK, HHD, JLK, 5/22 St. Louis (2, Park Point, Pine Forest S.N.A.) ph. DTr, 5/23 Cook DFN, Lake (6, season's high count, Knife Island) JCr, 5/25 Cass (3) BAW, m.ob., 5/31 St. Louis (Park Point R.A.) ph. LMS. |
2015 | Summer | | | No reports. |
2015 | Fall | | | No fall reports since 2008. |
2016 | Spring | 5 | 1 | Only south report 5/17 Stearns (max. 9, Albany W.T.P.) †PCC, m.ob. All north 5/15 Marshall and Polk (11, Agassiz Valley Impoundment) PEB, 5/18 St. Louis (Western Waterfront Trail) SDi, 5/19 St. Louis (Arkola & Poplar) JLK, 5/23 Red Lake (8 total: three at gravel pit in extreme southwest corner of county, five at rice paddies near Oklee) PEB, DWK, HCT, SBM, 5/27 Lake (Agate Bay) EEO, JPR. |
2016 | Summer | | | No reports. |
2016 | Fall | | | No fall reports since 2008. |
2017 | Spring | 2 | | No south reports. Reported regularly from Park Point R.A. in St. Louis County from 5/16 (7) JLK, JPR through 5/28 (3) StK. Also found north in Cook County: 5/25 (14, Grand Marais, Artist's Point) REn, 5/27 (7, Five Mile Rock) JWH, 5/28 (7, Paradise Beach) SLL, JWL, See summer report for latest north migrants. |
2017 | Summer | 2 | | Seen 6/4 Aitkin (C.R. 15 west of Aitkin) HCT, DWK, SBM, 7/7 St. Louis (Port Terminal, Duluth) NKu, SKu. |
2017 | Fall | 1 | | First fall report since 2008: 8/15 St. Louis (Park Point, ball fields) JPR. |
2018 | Spring | 4 | | No south reports. Reported north in St. Louis from 5/13 (3) FJN through 5/31 DyL, but also see summer report. Also found north 5/19 Lake (6, Two Harbors) JCa, 5/22 Grant (11, North Ottawa Impoundment) DBz, ANy, m.ob., 5/26 Red Lake (4, gravel pit in extreme southwest corner of county) fide JMJ, m.ob. High count 5/20 St. Louis (28, Park Point R.A.) HHD, RAE. |
2018 | Summer | 1 | | Found 6/2 St. Louis (2, Duluth) JLK. |
2018 | Fall | 1 | | Â Only report 9/22 Lake (Knife River Marina) KRE, JWL. |
2019 | Spring | 3 | 3 | All south 5/18 Dakota (Lake Byllesby R.P.) BDo, m.ob., 5/23 Kandiyohi (2, Lake Lillian W.T.P.) DPG, 5/26 Watonwan (max. 7, Fieldon Twp.) STa, ph. MiO. Reported north in St. Louis from 5/10 StK through 5/31 JLK, but also see Summer Report. Also found north 5/23 Crow Wing (Ironton W.T.P.) m.ob., 5/25 Lake of the Woods (13, Baudette Rice Paddies) NKu, SKu. High count 5/20 St. Louis (86, Park Point R.A.) ph. ebd, MLH. |
2019 | Summer | 2 | 1 |  Late spring migrants 6/5 Cook (11, Grand Marias Harbor) ebd, 6/8 St. Louis (Duluth) NMe, 6/12 Lac qui Parle (Big Stone N.W.R.) WCM. Exceptional report of non-breeding bird 6/29 – 7/17 St. Louis (Park Point R.A.) † Evelyn Mock, m.ob. |
2019 | Fall | 1 | | Only reports 8/20–21 St. Louis (max. 2, Park Point R.A.) JLK, AFo. |
2020 | Spring | 8 | 2 | All south 5/15 Mower (Dexter W.T.P.) ANy, ph. DnS, m.ob., 5/31 Steele (Armstrong Wetland Restoration) BAb. Reported north in St. Louis from 5/15 (3) JGz through 5/31 (Park Point R.A., 10, season’s high count) ebd, but also see summer report. Also found north 5/15 Kanabec (South Fork Twp.) ph. †SPS, Marshall (4, Agassiz Valley Impoundment) ph. HHu, Wilkin (Wolverton Twp.) AaL, CLu, 5/24 Cook (2, East Cook) ebd, Grant (North Ottawa Impoundment) DWK, Lake (Knife River Marina) JWL, 5/25 Aitkin (8, Rice Lake N.W.R.) KCR, m.ob. |
2020 | Summer | 1 | | Observed 6/1–15 St. Louis (up to 6, Park Point R.A.) MLH, m.ob. |
2020 | Fall | 2 | | All north 8/19 St. Louis (Stony Point) StK, IDv, 8/20–9/3 St. Louis (Park Point R.A.) ebd, m.ob., 9/25–30 Koochiching (Littlefork) ph. LDb. |
2021 | Spring | 6 | 5 | All south 5/14–15 Carver/Hennepin (Rice Lake) OvD, m.ob., 5/24 Lyon (3, Cottonwood W.T.P.) ph. †NMe, ph. †RJS, 5/25 Watonwan (max. 96, 320th St. Marsh) AnK, m.ob., 5/28 Yellow Medicine (Curtis Lake) KJB, but also see summer report. Reported north in St. Louis from 5/17 (7, Park Point R.A.) JWH, m.ob., peaking 5/29 (70, Park Point R.A.) IDv, HTo, through 5/31 (Stony Point) TLz, m.ob., but also see summer report. Also found north 5/26 Clearwater (Clearwater Rice Paddies) ANy, DBz, m.ob., Lake (Knife River Marina) TLz, Polk (5, Johnson Twp.) ANy, DBz, 5/26–27 Marshall (max. 34, Agassiz N.W.R.) VRL, m.ob., 5/28 Cook (44, Grand Marais Harbor) DAB, 5/29 Cook (40, Father Baraga’s Cross) DAB. |
2021 | Summer | 1 | 1 | All reports: 6/1 St. Louis (Park Point R.A.) IDv, 6/1 Watonwan (3, 320th St. south of Madelia) ph. KEm. |
2021 | Fall | 1 | | Singles reported north 8/12–17 St. Louis (Park Point R.A.) IDv, TCL. |
2022 | Spring | 5 | 1 | Only south report: 5/24 Lincoln (18) DBz, ANy. Reported north in St. Louis (Park Point R.A.) from 5/9 (6) HTo, m.ob., through 5/31 FJN, m.ob., but also see summer report. Also found north 5/19 Morrison (13, C.R. 256) MJB, m.ob., 5/22 Lake (3, Two Harbors) JWL, 5/26 Grant (North Ottawa Impoundment) WPl, Pennington (35, season’s high count, Thief River Falls W.T.P.) JWH, m.ob. |
2022 | Summer | 2 | 1 | All reports: 6/1–3, 6/19, 6/24–25 St. Louis (Park Point R.A.) m.ob., and exceptional locations 6/4 Renville (Bird Island W.T.P.) †RBW, 6/28 Pennington (Thief River Falls W.T.P.) †ebd. |
2022 | Fall | | | No reports. |
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  | Rare migrant mostly on Lake Superior, primarily in spring. |