| Brown Creeper(Certhia americana) |
| Year | Season | N | S | |
|---|
| 1930 | Summer | | | This species furnished the thrill of the season to the writer, A nest was fO\md fifteen miles northwest of Grand Marais, a mile from the mouth of the Brule River, on June 17th, It was situated in the usual plaoe, under a loose pieee of bark, on a dead spruee, about fourteen feet from the ground and containing five young and an unhatched ogg. The young left their nest on June 21st, Gustav Swanson saw an adult carrying food near Deer River on June 14th. |
| 1945 | Winter | | | Present each winter in the southern part of the state. |
| 1964 | Summer | | | 7-4 Fargo-Moorhead, EGA; 7-17, Pelican Lake, St. Louis Co, NJH; 7-31, Gunflint Lake, Cook Co, HH. |
| 1964 | Winter | | | 12-5, Shatley, Beltrami Co, 1, MG; all other reports from farther south: Stearns (RPR, NH), Cass (JAM), St. Louis (VFB, HM), Hennepin (FN, WJB, MEH, VS), Mille Lacs (WJH), Rice (OAR), Wabasha (DGM), Ramsey (ACR), Washington (DH, XC), Winona (XC), Kandiyohi (XC), Olmsted (JPF), Co's. Peak numbers on 1-3 (10, NH) and 7 on Duluth XC. |
| 1965 | Winter | | | South: 1-3 reported occasionally by 14 people in Stearns, Hennepin, Anoka, Stevens, Nobles, Washington, Winona, Olmsted, Wabasha, Ramsey plus Xmas in Lyon, Kandiyohi. Winter Wren. 12/29, Whitewater Refuge, Wabasha Co., DGM. Brown Thrasher. Late fall-1/ 12, Duluth. Mrs. Guy S. Engle. Late fall-1/26, St. Paul, Mrs. Norman Haglund. Robin. 1-2 seen occasionally in Polk, Wadena, St. Louis (Duluth), Morrison, Hennepin, Ramsey, Dakota, Goodhue, Rice, Olmsted. One group: 1/2 (13), Winona, DGM. VARIED THRUSH. 12/5-18, immature male, Morris, Stevens Co., EHS, RAG, |
| 1966 | Spring | | | five March records for southern part of state; first northward movement noted 4-3 Douglas Co, MVS and 4-16 Beltrami Co, EBH; reached Cook Co on 4-19, MOP; vast majority of the May records were from northern part of state; latest date for southern part of state this spring: 5-18 Hennepin Co, MHM and 5-19 Washington Co, ACR. |
| 1966 | Summer | | | 6-24 Itasca Co, ACR; Beltrami Co, no date, MK. |
| 1966 | Fall | | | Latest in north 11-14 Roseau Co., PEB; 11-19 Cass Co., EAH; 11-28 Stearns Co., RPR. |
| 1966 | Winter | | | no less than 40 reports from 17 counties, segregated as follows: 16 reports from 13 counties in December; 15 reports from 10 counties in January, and only 9 reports from 7 counties in February; wintering birds difficult to separate from migrants, but a Lake County record on 2-19 by MIG could be an early migrant, as might a Crow Wing Co. record on 2-8 by MSB; all other reports were from south of a line through Duluth, Mille Lacs Co., Morrison Co. and Stevens Co. |
| 1967 | Summer | | | reported from Clearwater, Washington Co's. |
| 1967 | Fall | | | earliest in south, 9-24 Bloomington, MEH; 9-25 Minneapolis, VL; latest in north, 10-11 Cook Co., MOP; 10-17 Lake Co., RK; 10-23 Duluth, JCG. |
| 1967 | Winter | | | reported from Stearns, Hennepin, Rice, Winona, Goodhue, Nobles, Yellow Medicine, Carver, Washington, Wabasha, Morrison, Stevens, Wright, Mille Lacs, Ramsey, Anoka, Cottonwood, Chisago, Crow Wing Co's.; also FargoMoorhead. |
| 1968 | Spring | | | early 3-4 Wright Co., EHD: 3-9 Cottonwood Co., LAF; 3-10 Carver Co., MHM; 3-11 Chisago Co., FVS. |
| 1968 | Summer | | | reported from Lake (J AH) and Carlton (GWG) Co's. |
| 1968 | Fall | | | 9-22 Duluth 10 JCG; 10-1 9 Hennepin 7 KP; 11-3 Ramsey 6 MO; early south 9-26 Hennepin VL; 9-28 Carver MHM; late north 10-28 Duluth MC. |
| 1968 | Winter | | | Reported from 12 counties; North-1-3, 1-25 St. Louis THE LOON 46 (Duluth) 2 MMC; South-1-8 Rice 2 GNR. |
| 1969 | Spring | | | 3-1 Duluth, MMC; 3-6 (4) Hennepin Co., VL, EIS; 3-16 Mpls., CLH; 4-3 Cook Co., RIG; 5-1 Washington Co., WWL; 5-10 Pine Co., BAP. |
| 1969 | Summer | | | nested in St. Louis Co. |
| 1969 | Fall | | | 9-9 St. Louis, 1 banded HM; 9-19 Hennepin VL; 9-26 Cottonwood LAF; 11-27 Carver TH; 11-30 Ramsey JJ. |
| 1969 | Winter | | | Wintered in 22 counites from St. Louis (all winter, Hibbing, HM) to Beltrami (12-28, Saum, MK) south to Nobles to Winona Counties. |
| 1970 | Spring | | | early south 3-1 Chisago E L and Wabasha WDM; 3-14 Nobles HH; early north 3-22 Crow Wing j B; 4-16 Duluth MMC and Cook jP; late 5-9 Duluth RL; 5-21 Duluth MMC. |
| 1970 | Summer | | | 7-5 Copas, WASHINGTON Co. (2) EC; also reported from Beltrami Co. House Wren : nested in Ramsey, Wabas ha, Hennepin, Mille Lacs, Freeborn, St. Louis, Rice, Wright, Carlton, and Marshall Co's. Winter Wren : nested in Lake Co.; reported from Cook Co. Marsh Wren : nested in Wright Co; reported from Anoka, Winon a, Crow Wing, Marshall, Meeker, and Carver Co's. One N E record: 6-19 Grand Marais, Cook Co., JCG. Sedge Wren : neste d in Mille Lacs Co; reported from Houston, Carver, St. Louis (Floodwood, 36+, MMC), Meeker, Marshall, Ramsey, Cook, Winona, Crow Wing, and Hennepin Co's. Northern Mockingbird : 6-1 4 Floodwood, St. Louis Co. MMC; 6·18, 6-29 Wabasha, Wabasha Co. DWM; 6-21 Royalton, Morrison Co. DB ; 6-23, 6-27 Lutse n, Cook Co. JCG ; and 7-10 Stillwa ter, Washington Co. Mrs. j o n L. Willand. Residents of |
| 1970 | Fall | | | late north 10-29 Cook MA and Morrison LR; early south 9-28 Washington WL; 9-29 Hennepin VL and Carver MM. |
| 1970 | Winter | | | wintered in 13 counties from Duluth (MMC) and Crow Wing (JB) southward to Nobles and Winona. |
| 1971 | Summer | | | reported from Lake, Crow Wing and Marshall. |
| 1971 | Fall | | | early south 9-11 Hennepin; 9-13 Chisago; 9-17 Nobles; late north 11-19 Crow Wing; 11-28 Grant; 12-1 Clearwater. |
| 1972 | Summer | | | seen in Clearwater, Lake, Cook, Cottonwood (7-15, 19 Mrs. LAF). |
| 1972 | Winter | | | NORTH Reported from Becker, Crow Wing, Grant, and Otter Tail. SOUTH Reported from Big Stone, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey and Swift. |
| 1973 | Summer | | | Nested in Aitkin (7-11 TS); seen in St. Louis, (6-5 GN), Lake. |
| 1973 | Fall | | | Reported from 16 counties. Early 821 Hennepin (EWJ). |
| 1973 | Winter | | | Reported from 28 counties north to St. Louis, Aitkin, Cass, Clearwater and Clay; much more common than usual. |
| 1974 | Spring | | | Early south 3-2 Cottonwood LR; 3-3 Rock KE; 3:4 Mower DS; early north 3-2 Crow Wmg TS; 3-18 St. Louis GJN; 3-25 Hubbard HJF. |
| 1974 | Summer | | | Reported from St. Louis, and a late migrant seen 6-9 Lac qui Parle (OFE). |
| 1974 | Fall | | | Early south 9-12 Lac qui Parle AFE; 9-21 Cottonwood LF; late north 11-1 Hubbard DM; 11-15 Itasca MS; 11-26 Hubbard HF. |
| 1974 | Winter | | | Reported from 25 counties north to Marshall, Clearwater, Hubbard, Cass, Itasca and St. Louis; more common than usual. |
| 1975 | Spring | | | Early south 3-1 Goodhue CF; 3-8 Wabasha WDM; early north 3-26 St. Louis MMC; 4-8 Clay SC; 4-12 Clay LCF. |
| 1975 | Summer | | | Nested in St. Louis; also reported from Lake and Cottonwood (6-13, LF; late migrant?). |
| 1975 | Fall | | | late north 10-21 Marshall SV; 11-5 Duluth JG; 11-16 Ottertail LCF, SM; early south 9-6 Washington BB; 9-26 Hennepin CH; 9-28 Rock KE. |
| 1975 | Winter | | | reported from 33 counties north to Marshall, Clearwa· ter, Cass, Otter Tail, Hubbard, Itasca, Crow Wing and St. Louis Co's; again more reports than usual. |
| 1976 | Spring | | | Early south 3-1 Anoka JBB; 3-2 Kandiyohi DA; 3-10 Blue Earth VR; early north 3-23 Hubbard HF; 3-29 St. Louis JCG; 4-5 St. Louis DS. |
| 1976 | Summer | | | reported from Itasca, St. Louis, Lake, Stearns (6-25, JB), Pope (7-31, BSH), Goodhue (7-24, BJ), Winona and Houston (5 seen on 7-10, JB); more reports than usual, especially from the south. |
| 1976 | Fall | | | Late north 10-30 Aitkin, 11-19 Hubbard; early south 8-26 Lac qui Parle, 9-20 Swift, 9-21 Washington. |
| 1976 | Winter | | | Reported from 21 counties north to Clearwater and Polk. |
| 1977 | Spring | | | Early south 3-3 Wabasha DM; 3-13 Hennepin DGW; 3-21 Stearns MC; early north 3-27 Crow Wing TS; 4-5 St. Louis GN; 4-9 St. Louis DA and Marshall SV A. |
| 1977 | Summer | | | Nested in Lake of the Woods; also reported from Hubbard, Itasca, St. Louis, Lake, Cook and Anoka (Carlos Avery W.M.A., KL). |
| 1977 | Winter | | | Overwintered in 14 counties north to Clearwater and St. Louis; Dec. migrants also seen in 11 other counties. |
| 1978 | Summer | | | Seen in Lake, Beltrami and Houston (LaCrescent, 6-9, one singing, FZL). |
| 1978 | Fall | | | Early south 8-4 Chippewa CMB, 9/4 Cottonwood LF; late north 11-8 Otter Tail SM, 11-24 Clay LCF. |
| 1978 | Winter | | | More reports than usual; migrants as late as 1-6 reported from 15 counties; also overwintered in 11 counties north to Clay (LCF). |
| 1979 | Spring | | | Early south 3-2 Hennepin VL, Olmsted JF; early north 3-1 Clay LCF, 3-5 Otter Tail SM. (all wintering?) |
| 1979 | Summer | | | Breeding reported from Anoka (7-7, family group, Cedar Creek, JLH); also seen in Lake, Itasca, Beltrami, Marshall, Clearwater, Hubbard and in the Minnesota River Valley (Lac qui Parle, Renville). |
| 1979 | Fall | | | Reported from about 20 counties. Early south 9-21 Nicollet JCF, 9-22 Houston EMF, 9-27 Anoka JH. House Wren, Late north 9-26 St. Louis KMH, Pennington KSS, 9-30 Clay LCF; late south 10-13 Freeborn RJ, BL, 10-16 Houston EMF. |
| 1979 | Winter | | | Again quite common. Reported from 33 counties with overwintering individuals as far north as Pennington. |
| 1980 | Spring | | | Early north 3-1 Otter Tail GW, SM, 3-18 Crow Wing WN. Reported from 18 counties. |
| 1980 | Fall | | | Early south 8-8 Nicollet JCF, 9-9 Hennepin DB, 9-10 Anoka JLH; late north 10-31 Hubbard HJF, 11-1 Otter Tail GW, 11-10 St. Louis LLH. |
| 1980 | Winter | | | Reports from 25 counties. |
| 1981 | Spring | | | Late south 5-24 Stearns MC, 5-28 Hennepin SC; early north 3-8 Beltrami JP, Otter Tail 3-26 GW, 3-29 GMO. Reported from 34 counties. |
| 1981 | Summer | | | Seen in Cook, Lake, Itasca. |
| 1981 | Fall | | | Reports from 29 counties; early south 8-20 Washington WL, 9-20 DS, 9-16 Anoka JLH, 9-18 Houston EMF; late north 11-23 Clay LCF, St. Louis MH, 11-28 Crow Wing JB. |
| 1981 | Winter | | | Reported from 19 counties north to Beltrami. |
| 1982 | Spring | | | Early north 3-1 Clay LCF, 3-2 Beltrami JSP, 4-1 Becker EH/ SS; late south 5-12 Frontenac PF, 5-22 Cottonwood LAF. Reported from 21 south and 14 north counties. |
| 1982 | Summer | | | Breeding data from Clearwater. See11 also in Hubbard, Beltrami, Koochiching, St. Louis, Cook, Mille Lacs, Washington (Copas). |
| 1982 | Fall | | | Reported from 26 counties: early south 8/6 Nicollet JCF, 9/16 Hennepin SC, 9/20 Brown JSp, Mower RRK; late north 11/16 Beltrami JP, 11/23 Lake SWIMS, 11/26 Clearwater AB, I I 129 Cook KMH. |
| 1982 | Winter | | | Reported from 35 counties throughout the state including overwintering records from Cook, Lake and Beltrami. Winter Wr~n Reported on the Excelsior CBC. |
| 1983 | Spring | | | Overwintered south. Late south 5/24 Ramsey SC, 5/26 Brown JSp. |
| 1983 | Summer | | | Breedomg data from Clearwater, Brown (Flandreau SP), Winona (Whitewater SP). Also seen in Cook, Lake, St. Louis, Hubbard, Morrison, Mille Lacs, Washington (Otisville). |
| 1983 | Fall | | | Reported from I 0 counties north, 19 south. Early south 8/13 Brown JSp, 9/17 Anoka SC, 9/18 Goodhue DZ/MC; late north li/2S Norman RJ, RG, 11/27 Beltrami JC. |
| 1983 | Winter | | | North reports from Otter Tail, 12-28 (SDM); Lake 12-21 (SWMS) and the Fargo, Walker, Grand Rapids, Hibbing, Aurora and Grand Marais CBC's. Also reported from 20 south counties. A statewide CBC total of 90. |
| 1984 | Spring | | | Early north 4/5 Hubbard HJF, 4/ II St. Louis KE, 4/20 Pennington KSS, St. Louis MH, Otter Tail GMO; late south 5/11 Hennepin SC, 5/13 Lyon HK, 5/15 Mower DGS, Brown JSp, 5/27 Lac qui Parle PL. |
| 1984 | Summer | | | seen in Cook, Lake and Brown (6/9-7/4 Flandrau S.P., 2 abandoned nests -JS). |
| 1984 | Fall | | | Reported from 13 counties north, 12 south. Early south 9/14 Hennepin SC; late north 11/24 Clearwater AB. |
| 1984 | Winter | | | Reported from 32 counties throughout the state. A CBC total of 86. VVinter VVren Reported in Houston, 12-25 (FL). |
| 1985 | Spring | | | Early north 3/28 Clay LCF, 4/4 St. Louis R. & J. Newman, 4/12 Lake SWI MS, Cook KMH, Roseau AJ, 4/13 Aitkin WN. |
| 1985 | Summer | | | Probable nesting in Brown (Flandrau State Park, JSp). Also seen in Cook, Lake, Roseau, Clearwater, Hubbard. |
| 1985 | Fall | | | Reported from nine north, 20 south counties. |
| 1985 | Winter | | | Reported from 27 counties in all but the northwest region. A statewide CBC count of 54 (86 L.y.). |
| 1986 | Spring | | | Early north 3/28 Cook TW, Carlton L W, 3/29 St. Louis m.ob., Cook KMH, 3/30 Clearwater AB; late south 5/18 Houston GS, 5/19 Mower AMP, 5/24 Chisago DZ, 5/27 Olmsted RE. |
| 1986 | Summer | | | Probable nesting in Lake of the Woods. Also seen in nine other counties throughout the northeast and north central regions plus Ramsey. |
| 1986 | Fall | | | Early south 8/30 Hennepin TT, 9/7 Anoka SC, 9/16 Washington TBB. |
| 1986 | Winter | | | Reported from 37 counties throughout the state with a CBC total of 131 (54 L.Y.). |
| 1987 | Spring | | | Reported from eight north counties; late south 5/23 Scott AB, 5/24 Chisago DZ. |
| 1987 | Summer | | | Nested in Clearwater, Brown (Minnecon Park, JSp). Also seen in Cook, Lake, St. Louis, Beltrami, Hubbard, Scott (first summer in at least 20 years, Murphy-Hanrahan Park, TTu), Dakota (Lebanon Hills, TTu). |
| 1987 | Fall | | | Early south 8/23 Hennepin TT, 9/6 Freeborn NHO, 9/12 Nicollet JF. |
| 1987 | Winter | | | Reported from 36 counties throughout the state (37 L. Y.), with a statewide CBC total of 202 (131 L.Y.). |
| 1988 | Spring | | | Reported from 22 south and 11 north counties; late south 5/21 -23 Goodhue m.ob. (nesting). |
| 1988 | Summer | | | Nested in Brown (JS). Also seen in Hubbard, St. Louis, Lake, Cook, Chisago, Hennepin , Nicollet (7/3, JS). |
| 1988 | Fall | | | Reported from 16 north and 17 south counties late north 11/12 PineAB, 11/25 St. Louis. |
| 1988 | Winter | | | Reported from 33 counties throughout the state with a total CBC count of 1/2 (202l.y.). |
| 1989 | Spring | | | Reported from 25 south and 11 north counties. |
| 1989 | Summer | | | Nested in Cook KMH; also seen in Lake, St. Louis, Becker, Hubbard, Crow Wing, Pine, Hennepin, Brown, Fillmore. |
| 1989 | Fall | | | Reported from 12 north and 21 south counties ; late north 11/16 Clay LCF, 11/19 Otter Tail SDM, 11/29 Lake DPV. |
| 1989 | Winter | | | Reported from 37 counties throughout the state with a total CBC count of 162 (112l.y.). Three found roosting under eaves of a Fillmore frame house in February, NAO. |
| 1990 | Spring | | | Reported from 15 north and 24 south counties. |
| 1990 | Summer | | | Seen in Cook, Itasca, Clearwater, Hubbard, OtterTail, Hennepin, Goodhue, Brown. |
| 1990 | Fall | | | Reported from 13 north and 16 south counties; late north 11/21 Cook KMH, ll/22 Aitkin SC and OtterTail MO, ll/23 Pennington KSS. |
| 1990 | Winter | | | Reported from 25 counties (37 l.y.) throughout the state with a total CBC count of 81 (162l.y.). Northern reports from Duluth CBC (2); Aitkin 1/6 BDM (fide KE), Cook (overwintered, KMH); Bemidji CBC; Crow Wing 12/15 KWR; possibly overwintering in Clay. |
| 1991 | Spring | | | Reported from 15 north and 33 south counties. Winter 1991 |
| 1991 | Summer | | | Nested in Polk PS, Brown; probable nesting in Cook. Also seen in Roseau, Clearwater, Hubbard, St. Louis, Lake, Winona, 7/14 Lac qui Parle CMB. |
| 1991 | Fall | | | Reported from nine north and 18 south counties; late north 11/1 Koochiching GM, 11/3 Norman MO, 11/13 Becker BB. |
| 1991 | Winter | | | Reported from 27 counties (25 l.y.) throughout the state with the following north reports: St. Louis (Duluth and Hibbing CBC's, and Sax Zim 2/22), Clay LCF (probably overwintered), Aitkin 1/21–27 SC, Otter Tail 12/14 (CBC), 1/13 MO & 2/9 SDM, and Roseau 1/6 AJ/MH. CBC total 81 (same as l. y.). Nine on the Lamberton CBC. |
| 1992 | Spring | | | Reported from 12 north and 25 south counties. |
| 1992 | Summer | | | Nested in Brown; also observed in Roseau, Lake of the Woods, Clearwater, St. Louis, Lake, Morrison, Isanti, Nicollet. |
| 1992 | Fall | | | Reported from 14 north and 19 south counties; late north 11/15 Becker BBe, 11/28 Aitkin WN. |
| 1992 | Winter | | | Reported from 33 counties (27 l.y.) in all regions except the far northwest. In the northeast and north central regions, reported as far north as Cook (Grand Marais CBC), 1/2 Lake SW/MS, 2/27 Lake DPV, and 2/27–28 Koochiching KB, although these latter two records may have been early migrants. In the west, reported as far north as Clay, Becker and Otter Tail. CBC total 109. |
| 1993 | Spring | | | Reported from 11 north and 28 south counties. |
| 1993 | Summer | | | Probable nesting in Hennepin; also observed in Beltrami, Itasca, St. Louis, Lake, Cook, Ramsey, Winona. |
| 1993 | Fall | | | Reported from 11 north and 22 south counties. Late north 11/7 Itasca AB, 11/26 Otter Tail SDM. |
| 1993 | Winter | | | Reported from 25 counties in all regions except the northwest. Only north reports were 1/1 Otter Tail, 1/14 Beltrami, 1/1 and 2/12 Aitkin and 2/20 St. Louis. |
| 1994 | Spring | | | Reported from ten north and 21 south counties. |
| 1994 | Summer | | | Probable breeding in St. Louis; also observed in Roseau, Clearwater, Itasca, Brown, Dakota, Winona. |
| 1994 | Fall | | | Reported from 11 north and 17 south counties. Late north 10/30 Clay CF, 11/6 Itasca AB. |
| 1994 | Winter | | | Reported from 36 counties throughout the state. Most north reports were from December only, but reported throughout the period in Lake. CBC total 136, about average. |
| 1995 | Spring | | | Reported from 24 south and 17 north counties. |
| 1995 | Summer | | | Nested in Brown, probable nesting in Ramsey; also seen in Mahnomen, Koochiching, St. Louis, Lake, Cook. |
| 1995 | Fall | | | Late north 11/17 Pennington SKS, 11/26 (fifth latest north) Becker BBe, Carlton LW. |
| 1995 | Winter | | | Reported from a record 39 counties in all regions of the state. Numbers higher than usual. CBC total an above average 192. |
| 1996 | Spring | | | Reported from 29 south and 14 north counties. |
| 1996 | Summer | | | Nested in Brown; also observed in Hubbard, Cass, Itasca, Aitkin, St. Louis, Lake, Isanti, Wabasha. |
| 1996 | Fall | | | Twenty north and twenty south reports. Late north 11/28 Cook OSL, 11/25 Becker BBe. |
| 1996 | Winter | | | Reported from 34 counties throughout the state (record 39 l.y.). Although widely distributed, the CBC total of 76 is the lowest in over 13 years. As with a number of other species, most reports were in December or on CBCs, and the extent of overwintering is unknown. Interestingly, numbers were up in Duluth, and overwintering was noted in St. Louis JN and Cook OSL. |
| 1997 | Spring | | | Reported throughout the state. Mid-March reports from Lake Co. (DV) and Duluth (JN) probably referred to overwintering birds. Late south 5/16 Dakota TT and Washington DS, 5/21 Rice TBo. |
| 1997 | Summer | | | New nesting record in Cass EP, MSc; also reported in Aitkin, St. Louis, Lake, Carlton, Anoka, Ramsey, Dakota, Nicollet, Brown. |
| 1997 | Fall | | | Reported throughout the state. Late north 11/15 Cook OSL, 11/20 Todd JSK/SDu, 11/30 St. Louis TW. |
| 1997 | Winter | | | Reported from a record 51 counties throughout the state (previous record 39 counties in 1996). CBC total 186. Early February reports as far north as Kittson, Koochiching and Lake suggest birds overwintered throughout the state. |
| 1998 | Spring | | | Reported throughout the state. |
| 1998 | Summer | | | More reports than usual. Observed in eight northeast and north central counties plus Roseau, Hennepin, Ramsey, Brown; unusual record 7/1 Freeborn ABa. New nesting record in Ramsey JSe, probable nesting in Lake. |
| 1998 | Fall | | | Reported throughout the state. Record (?) high count 9/20 St. Louis (16) BSe. |
| 1998 | Winter | | | Reported from 43 counties in all regions except the northwest. Appeared to overwinter in many areas. CBC total a record 236, with peaks of 30 at both Fargo and Whitewater. |
| 1999 | Spring | | | Overwintered south and north, see winter report. Peak count 4/5 St. Louis (23 in Duluth) JN. Late south 5/15 Goodhue SWe, 5/16 Hennepin SC. |
| 1999 | Summer | | | Recorded in Beltrami, Itasca, Cass, St. Louis, Lake, Cook, Carlton, Anoka. |
| 1999 | Fall | | | Reported throughout the state, including 11/13 Goodhue (20+) SWe. |
| 1999 | Winter | | | Reported from 38 counties in all regions. |
| 2000 | Spring | | | Observed in 23 south and 13 north counties statewide. No peak counts. Late south 5/20 Dakota SWe, 5/29 Scott (singing at Murphy-Hanrahan Park) SC, TT. The latter may represent potential breeding, which has occurred in several nearby counties. |
| 2000 | Summer | | | Seen in Clearwater, St. Louis, Lake, Cook, Aitkin, Pine, Isanti, Anoka, Hennepin, Renville. |
| 2000 | Fall | | | Reported throughout the state, but none in south before 9/17 Dakota TAT. Many subsequent reports south through the end of the period. |
| 2000 | Winter | | | Reported from 42 counties in all regions. |
| 2001 | Spring | | | Observed in 24 south and 16 north counties throughout the state. Late south 4/26 Fillmore NBO, 5/3 Olmsted PWP. |
| 2001 | Summer | | | Reported in Cook, Lake, St. Louis, Itasca, Aitkin, Cass, Carlton, Pine, Hennepin, Goodhue; plus 6/2 Freeborn AEB. [Corrected]
|
| 2001 | Fall | | | Reported throughout the state. Numerous south reports during early September. |
| 2001 | Winter | | | Reported from 44 counties in all regions. |
| 2002 | Spring | | | Observed in 23 south and 14 north counties. Late south 5/20 Hennepin SLC and Lac qui Parle FAE, 5/27 Scott TAT. |
| 2002 | Summer | | | Observed in seven North-central and Northeast counties plus Pine, Hennepin, Washington. |
| 2002 | Fall | | | Reported from all regions; south reports beginning 9/15, but see summer report. |
| 2002 | Winter | | | Reported from 46 counties throughout the state. |
| 2003 | Spring | | | Observed in 22 south and 14 north counties. Late south 5/10 Goodhue NAMC, 5/26 Waseca JPS. Record-high count 4/14 St. Louis (78 at Duluth) JRN; also note 15 at one time in Washington (4/5, DPS). Prior record-high counts, 30 in fall and 23 in spring, were also at Duluth. |
| 2003 | Summer | | | Observed in Cass, Itasca, St. Louis, Lake, Cook, Carlton, Hennepin. |
| 2003 | Fall | | | Total of 47 reports from 29 counties in all regions. South reports beginning 8/23 Dakota JPM, ADS, 8/31 Dakota (same?) TAT. |
| 2003 | Winter | | | Reported from 44 counties throughout the state. |
| 2004 | Spring | | | Found in 18 north and 18 south counties. Early north migrants not separable from wintering birds. South reports throughout the season until 5/1 Lac qui Parle and Chisago, 5/4 Rice DAB, 5/5 Mower JEM. |
| 2004 | Summer | | | Seen in Cook, Lake, St. Louis, Itasca, Aitkin, Cass, Wadena, Beltrami, Clearwater, Polk; new nesting record in Itasca JWL. |
| 2004 | Fall | | | Reported from all regions, including 9/18 Scott WCM, 9/24 Hennepin SLC, and five more south counties by the end of the month. |
| 2004 | Winter | | | Reported from five north and fourteen south counties statewide. CBC total of 141 on 35 counts. |
| 2005 | Spring | | | Found in 16 north and 28 south counties. Early north migrants not separable from wintering birds; first reported 3/1 Kanabec BLA, 3/6 St. Louis MLH. |
| 2005 | Summer | | | Seen in Beltrami, Itasca, Cass, St. Louis, Lake, Cook, Pine, Anoka. |
| 2005 | Fall | | | Found in 23 north and 24 south counties. Early south (away from known summer locations) 8/27 McLeod PRH, 9/17 Washington DCZ. |
| 2005 | Winter | | | Reported from 14 north and 17 south counties statewide. |
| 2006 | Spring | | | Potential early north migrants not separable from wintering birds; e.g., 3/1 Hubbard MAW, 3/3 Otter Tail DTT, SMT, 3/4 Douglas fide JMJ probably overwintered. South reports in early May from Olmsted, Nicollet and Ramsey, then 5/13 Goodhue JWH. |
| 2006 | Summer | | | Observed in 10 coun-ties: Lake of the Woods, Beltrami, Itasca, Hubbard, Cass, St. Louis, Lake, Cook, Carlton, and Pine. |
| 2006 | Fall | | | Reported from 18 north and 28 south counties. Early south 9/7 Hennepin CMB, 9/10 Anoka (2) DWK, Dakota ADS and Olmsted JWH (median 8/30). Highest totals 9/30 Scott (9) BAF, 10/25 Lake (8 at Lighthouse Point, Two Harbors) MCA. |
| 2006 | Winter | 12 | 23 | Reports down slightly to 35 counties statewide. |
| 2007 | Spring | 14 | 32 | Late south 5/2 Mower, Sherburne, and Washington, 5/9 Yellow Medicine JEB, JJS (median 5/23). |
| 2007 | Summer | 11 | 2 | Reported from Roseau, Lake of the Woods, Beltrami, Koochiching, Itasca, Cass, St. Louis, Lake, Cook, Mille Lacs, Pine, Martin (6/5, MCBS), Anoka. |
| 2007 | Fall | 20 | 27 | Early south 8/17 Anoka DWK (same location as summer report). First migrants (median 9/3) 9/12 Wabasha JWH, 9/15 Hennepin HCT and Scott BAF. |
| 2007 | Winter | 10 | 32 | Reports up slightly from last year, primarily in the south. Overwintered 12/1–2/28 Anoka RLR, where seen on alternating days throughout the period visiting a suet feeder. CBC high count Faribault (21). |
| 2008 | Spring | 21 | 35 | Early north (median 3/28) 3/2 Clay RHO, Hubbard PBB, 3/15 Wadena PJB. Late south 5/5 Hennepin DWK, Ramsey LMS, 5/11 Scott DFN, 5/14 Hennepin ATF (median 5/22). |
| 2008 | Summer | 8 | | Reported from Clearwater, Hubbard, Cass, Itasca, St. Louis, Lake, Cook, Pine. |
| 2008 | Fall | 14 | 27 | Early south (median 9/3) 8/26 Ramsey EEO, 9/16 Anoka DPG, 9/26 Rice DAT, Washington LMS. High counts 10/10 St. Louis (7) SMC, 11/13 Mille Lacs (5) RBJ. |
| 2008 | Winter | 10 | 25 | Reported from all regions except the Northwest, though not quite as widespread as the prior winter. Over-wintered in Hennepin (Golden Valley) where found through 2/26 ALD. High count 12/27 Washington (9) SLP. |
| 2009 | Spring | 22 | 35 | North over-wintering individuals reported 3/7 Lake JWL, 3/12 Cass BAW. Early north migrants (median 3/28) 3/22 Otter Tail DST, 4/1 Pennington JMJ, 4/10 Mille Lacs ASc, St. Louis FKB. High count 3/18 Olmsted (9) RTP. Late south 5/2 Murray HHD, 5/3 Winona ANy, 5/5 Olmsted DMA (median 5/22). South nesting observed 5/9 Goodhue SWe, WOS, 5/22 Scott (2, Murphy-Hanrehan P.R.) BAF. |
| 2009 | Summer | 10 | 4 | Reported from all northern regions plus Scott, Washington, Dakota, Fillmore. At Murphy-Hanrehan was a singing male in a different territory 6/7, 6/21 Scott BAF. Unusually far south was one singing 6/21 Fillmore (Forestville S.P.) JWH. |
| 2009 | Fall | 17 | 31 | Early south reports away from known breeding locations (median 9/3) 8/3 Hennepin TAT, 8/6 Sherburne (Sherburne N.W.R., Blue Hill Trail) PLJ, 8/9 Anoka (Linwood Lake) DWK, 9/5 Carver (Chaska Lake) JCy. Late north 11/15 Beltrami DPJ, 11/19 Otter Tail fide JMJ, 11/27 Clay RHO (median 11/26). |
| 2009 | Winter | 17 | 33 | Reported from more total counties than in any of the previous five years. Widespread from all regions and throughout season, including numerous January and February reports both north and south. High count 1/2 Cass (7) MRN. CBC high count 12/19 Lac qui Parle (15). |
| 2010 | Spring | 23 | 28 | Early north reports were well ahead of the 3/28 median, indicating possible over-wintering: 3/5 Beltrami fide JMJ, 3/6 Aitkin (Rabey Tree Farm) DWK, JLO, 3/7 Beltrami HHD. High counts 4/11 Anoka (5) DWK, 4/18 St. Louis (5, Park Point) PHS. Late south 4/19 Hennepin MDu, Rice (2) SLP, 5/2 Goodhue LS, 5/16 Ramsey DBM (median 5/21). |
| 2010 | Summer | 8 | 2 | Reported from Aitkin, Cass, Cook, Crow Wing, Hennepin, Itasca, Koochiching, Lake, Ramsey, St. Louis. |
| 2010 | Fall | 20 | 37 | Early south (median 8/30) 8/15 Dakota RLW, 8/21 Anoka (Linwood-Island-Martin R.P.) DWK. High count 9/20 Hennepin (10) CMB. |
| 2010 | Winter | 18 | 31 | Reported statewide except from the extreme southwest. Numerous Janaury and February records, both north and south. High counts 1/5, 2/6 Hennepin (5, Minnehaha Creek east of Lake Hiawatha) DDo, 2/13 Hennepin (4, Old Cedar Ave. Bridge) BAF. CBC high counts 12/18 Faribault (14), Northwest McLeod (Hutchinson) (13). |
| 2011 | Spring | 22 | 42 | Present north and south as the season commenced. High count 3/15 Le Sueur (21, Sakatah Lake S.P.) DCu. Late south 5/20 Hennepin (Powderhorn Park) JJo, 5/28 Scott (Murphy Hanrehan P.R.) JFR (median 5/21). |
| 2011 | Summer | 14 | 3 | Reported from all northern regions, East-central, and Olmsted, Pipestone. |
| 2011 | Fall | 18 | 35 | Early south (median 8/30) 8/1 Goodhue LMS, 8/3 Washington (Falls Creek S.N.A.) KMo, 9/15 Ramsey ADS. High counts 10/9 St. Louis (28, Enger Park) JLK, 11/6 Fillmore (12) DCr. |
| 2011 | Winter | 21 | 37 | Reported from more counties than any of the previous 5 years. Reported from all regions statewide, but concentrated in the south in the Central, South-central, East-central and Southeast regions. Mid-February north reports from Crow Wing, Lake, Mille Lacs, and St. Louis. CBC high counts 12/17 Faribault (28), 12/17 Bloomington (17). |
| 2012 | Spring | 24 | 35 | Present both north and south as the season began, including 3/1 Cass JWM, 3/2 Itasca SC, 3/10 Cass SC, St. Louis AM. High count 4/3 Hennepin (13) CMB. Possibly territorial birds 5/12 Ramsey (Crosby Farm Park) RMD, 5/21 Dakota (Lebanon Hills R.P.) EdM (median 5/21). |
| 2012 | Summer | 17 | 5 | Reported from all northern regions plus East-central plus unusual reports 6/14 Carver (Lake Ann Park) MaS, 7/10 Goodhue (Frontenac S.P.) GJM. |
| 2012 | Fall | 24 | 40 | Early south reports (median 8/30) 8/2, 8/3 Washington JoF, 8/11 MJB, 8/22 Isanti DPG, 9/6 Anoka DPG. High counts 10/18 Hennepin (8) CMB, 11/16 and 11/19 Hennepin (8) BRo. |
| 2012 | Winter | 19 | 39 | Reported from more counties than any of the previous five years. Found north and south throughout the season, including many reports from the Sax-Zim Big in St. Louis. CBC high counts 12/15 Bloomington (27), 12/15 Faribault (17). |
| 2013 | Spring | 24 | 48 | Overwintered St. Louis. Early north migrants 3/25 Cass ANy, 4/2 Cass MRN, 4/6 Pine SuB. High count 5/1 St. Louis (15, Southworth Marsh, Park Point) JLK. Late south 5/16 Dakota HSt, Washington JoF (median 5/20). Territorial birds observed in Ramsey (Crosby Farm R.P.) through end of season. |
| 2013 | Summer | 13 | 5 | Observed east of a line from Clearwater to Fillmore. First county breeding record for Carlton EHl. |
| 2013 | Fall | 22 | 32 | Early south (median 8/30) 8/6 Washington JoF, 8/14 Goodhue KCo. High counts 9/30 St. Louis (13) JLK, 11/26 Hennepin (9) BRo. |
| 2013 | Winter | 16 | 35 | Number of reporting counties down from prior two winters (both 58). CBC high counts 1/4 Wabasha (22), 12/14 Northwest McLeod (Hutchinson) (21), 12/14 Faribault (19). |
| 2014 | Spring | 26 | 43 | Present north and south as the season began. High counts 4/18 Ramsey (11, Crosby Farm R.P.) AgP, 4/12 Hennepin (10, Powderhorn Park) JJo. Late south 5/26 Ramsey HCT, Washington AWi, 5/31 Dakota DVe (median 5/21). |
| 2014 | Summer | 6 | 4 | Observed in Cass, Cook, Goodhue, Hennepin, Itasca, Lake, Mahnomen, St. Louis, Stevens, Washington. |
| 2014 | Fall | 21 | 37 | Early south 8/12 Dakota DVe, 8/28 Ramsey (2) BAF, 9/1 Isanti HHD. High counts 10/7 St. Louis (29, Hawk Ridge/Lester River Census) KJB, 10/6 St. Louis (16, Hawk Ridge/Lester River Census) KJB. |
| 2014 | Winter | 15 | 35 | Reported from all regions statewide except from Northwest. High counts 1/2 Hennepin (7, Minnesota Valley N.W.R.) GJa, 12/20 Crow Wing (6, Ironton) KCR, 12/13 Hennepin (5, Lake of the Isles) MPi. CBC high counts 12/20 Northwest McLeod (Hutchinson) (15), 12/14 Cedar Creek Bog (12), 12/20 Bloomington (10), 12/20 Faribault (10). |
| 2015 | Spring | 23 | 44 | Present north and south as the season began. High counts 4/10 Washington (18, Grey Cloud Dunes S.N.A.)GJa, 4/10 Hennepin (12, Old Cedar Ave. Bridge) PNi. Late south 5/23 Carver JCy, Dakota AAz, SAz, ShH, 5/28–29 Ramsey JEd, ACo, DTr, also see summer report (median 5/21). |
| 2015 | Summer | 13 | 5 | Observed north of a line from Marshall to Stearns to Goodhue. High counts 6/18 Clearwater (4) AXH, 7/5 Crow Wing (4, Crosslake) OOv. |
| 2015 | Fall | 24 | 36 | South reports continued from the summer season in Ramsey. Probable early south migrants 8/27 Hennepin BeH, 8/30 Carver JCy, 9/3 Dakota DVe (median 9/2). High counts 9/28 St. Louis (21, Hawk Ridge/Lester River Census) KJB, 9/19 St. Louis (16, Everett Woods) JLK, 9/29 Steele (13) PSu. |
| 2015 | Winter | 16 | 38 | Reported from all regions of the state in typical abundance. Unusual report 2/21 Roseau (Lost River S.F.) JPR. High counts 1/28 Hennepin (7) DGu, 2/23 Wright (5) ToL, 1/8 Carver (4) MJa, 1/8 Lyon (4) GWe. CBC high counts 12/19 Bloomington (14), 12/19 Faribault (13), 12/26 Hastings-Etter (10). |
| 2016 | Spring | 30 | 49 | High counts 4/10 Benton (25, Bend in the River R.P.) DOr, 4/4 Hennepin (15, Wood Lake N.C.) CoM, 4/12 Washington (14, Gateway State Trail) BDo. Late south 5/19 Dakota FHa, DTr, JEd, 5/27 Nobles DFe (median 5/16). |
| 2016 | Summer | 12 | 6 | Observed in all northern regions plus Benton, Dakota, Goodhue, Hennepin, Lyon, Ramsey. |
| 2016 | Fall | 24 | 44 | Early south (median 9/2) 8/24 Dakota JaD, 9/7 Dakota TAT, 9/13 Hennepin CMB. Several very high counts all from the Hawk Ridge/Lester River Census, 10/16 St. Louis (29, Hawk Ridge/Lester River Census) KJB, 10/6 St. Louis (25) KJB, 10/18 St. Louis (22) KJB. |
| 2016 | Winter | 15 | 42 | Reported statewide and throughout season with fewest reports from Northwest. High counts 2/21 Blue Earth (6) PBk, 2/22 Jackson (5) RAE. CBC high counts 12/17 Faribault (8), 1/1 Marshall (8). |
| 2017 | Spring | 31 | 47 | High counts 5/4 St. Louis (30, Park Point R.A.) JfD, HGe, LME, 5/5 St. Louis (13, Park Point) JLK. Late south 5/23 Hennepin DAd, 5/26 Scott JJS, JPr, JmP, 5/30 Anoka RCl (median 5/19). |
| 2017 | Summer | 12 | 7 | Found in North-central, Northeast, Central, East-central, Southeast regions. |
| 2017 | Fall | 26 | 41 | Early south (median 8/27) 8/5 Washington BDo, SOa, 8/14 Ramsey BAF, Washington ELi, 8/20 Dakota AJF. High counts 10/5 St. Louis (26, Stoney Point) TRd, StK, 9/28 St. Louis (21, Stoney Point) TRd. |
| 2017 | Winter | 18 | 43 | Reported in all regions of state, from more counties than in the past ten winters. Notable record 2/9 Traverse RAE. High counts 12/17 McLeod (8, Buffalo Creek Park) KdB, 2/27 Hennepin (8) ASu, 12/18 Yellow Medicine (7, Upper Sioux Agency S.P.) WCM. CBC high counts 12/16 Northwest McLeod (Hutchinson) (18), 12/18 Granite Falls (18), 12/16 Bloomington (16). |
| 2018 | Spring | 23 | 49 | High counts 4/26 St. Louis (25, Park Point R.A.) StK, 4/18 Hennepin (12, Minnesota Valley N.W.R., Bass Ponds) ASu, LiH. Late south 5/19 Hennepin (2, Crow-Hassan P.R.) ASu, 5/26 Ramsey (2, Crosby Farm R.P.) RMD (median 5/19). |
| 2018 | Summer | 13 | 6 | Reported from all northern regions plus Carver, Hennepin, Mille Lacs, Pine, Ramsey, Renville, Sherburne, Washington. First county breeding record 6/7 Koochiching MBS. |
| 2018 | Fall | 28 | 44 | Â Early south (median 9/2) 8/7 Meeker PKF, 8/14 Stearns MJB, 8/22 Dakota MwT. High count 10/14 St. Louis (12, Stoney Point) StK. |
| 2018 | Winter | 19 | 45 | Observed in all regions and 64 counties, well above the ten-year average of 52. Unusual reports 12/17 Clearwater CoC, 12/30 Koochiching (Rainy Lake) AMe. High counts 12/16 Brown (15) BTS, 12/17 Lac qui Parle (10) WCM, 1/28 Hennepin (10) ASu. CBC high counts 12/14 Cottonwood (29), 12/15 Northwest McLeod (Hutchinson) (23), 12/15 Bloomington (19), 12/17 Lac qui Parle (19). |
| 2019 | Spring | 27 | 49 | High counts 4/7 Washington (12, Menomini Park) ebd, 4/15 Fillmore (11, Forestville/Mystery Cave S.P.) ebd. Late south 5/24 Chisago ebd, 5/25 Dakota (Burnsville) ebd, 5/26 Dakota (Lebanon Hills R.P.) ebd, Meeker GLr (median 5/16). |
| 2019 | Summer | 11 | 5 | Â Found in all northern regions plus Anoka, Carver, Hennepin, Sherburne. High count 6/1 St. Louis (10, Mud Creek Rd.) ebd. |
| 2019 | Fall | 28 | 43 | Early reports 8/1 Ramsey (Crosby Farm R.P.) AGu, 8/6 Ramsey (Battle Creek Park) ebd, 8/18 Ramsey (Crosby Farm R.P.) KEJ possibly summer residents. Early south migrants (median 8/27) 8/21 Freeborn BHe, 8/24 Stearns HHD, 8/25 Lyon GWe. High counts 11/24 Brown (10) BTS, 10/3 Hennepin (6, T. S. Roberts Bird Sanctuary) ebd, 11/16 Hennepin (6, Minnesota Valley N.W.R., Bass Ponds) ebd. |
| 2019 | Winter | 19 | 43 |  Observed in 62 counties in all regions, similar to numbers from previous two years. Only one report from Northwest: 1/4 Roseau CBC. High counts 12/16 Yellow Medicine (14, Upper Sioux Agency S.P.) WCM, 12/24 Hennepin (12, Wood Lake N.C.) SMl, 12/14 Brown (10) BTS. CBC high counts 12/16 Granite Falls (19), 12/20 Lac qui Parle (15), 12/14 Bloomington (12). |
| 2020 | Spring | 29 | 48 | High counts 4/4 Hennepin (20, Old Cedar Ave. Bridge) MaS, 4/28 St. Louis (16, Park Point R.A.) StK. Late south 5/22 Ramsey LiH, 5/23 Hennepin ebd, 5/24 Hennepin ebd (median 5/16). |
| 2020 | Summer | 12 | 5 | Observed in North-central, Northeast, Central, East-central. |
| 2020 | Fall | 27 | 47 | Early south (median 8/27) 8/1 Brown MiO, 8/6 Hennepin ebd, 8/12 Ramsey MWS. High count 9/22 St. Louis (29, Brighton Beach) TRK, StK. |
| 2020 | Winter | 23 | 47 | Reported statewide from a season-high 70 counties, well above the ten-year average 56. Unusual north record 12/27 Roseau CBC. High counts 12/14 Yellow Medicine (20) WCM, 12/4 Redwood (11, Alexander Ramsey C.P.) GWe. CBC high counts 12/14 Granite Falls (33), 12/18 Cottonwood (32), 12/19 Bloomington (23). |
| 2021 | Spring | 32 | 50 | High counts 4/16 Hennepin (24, Lake Harriet) CWB, 4/9 St. Louis (22, Park Point R.A.) HTo. Late south 5/19 Winona ThN, 5/20 Dakota ebd, 5/22 Ramsey APi (median 5/16). |
| 2021 | Summer | 11 | 8 | Found in all northern regions, Central, East-central plus presumed late migrant 6/2 Goodhue (Frontenac S.P.) †SDz. |
| 2021 | Fall | 29 | 47 | Early south migrants arrived well ahead of (8/27) median, perhaps some were summering birds: 8/1 Hennepin VRL, 8/4 Hennepin EGB, 8/12 Brown BTS, 8/13 Houston EHi. Highest counts all from Brighton Beach in St. Louis: 9/22 (94) IDv, StK, SNe, 9/21 (51) IDv, 9/15 (43) IDv. |
| 2021 | Winter | 21 | 49 | Observed in 70 counties in all regions of the state, equal to last year’s season-high total (ten-year average 58.5). High counts 12/18 Brown (10, Milford Twp.) ebd, 12/19 Chippewa (9, Gneiss Outcrops S.N.A.) TWe, 12/14 Martin (8, Cedar Creek Park) KEm, 12/17 Hennepin (8, Bass Ponds) RTu. CBC high counts 12/18 Bloomington (25), 1/2 Redwood Falls (22), 12/14 Fairmont (20). |
| 2022 | Spring | 34 | 52 | High counts 4/5 Hennepin (12, Minnesota Valley N.W.R., Bass Ponds) ArM, 4/21 Rice (12, Nerstrand Big Woods S.P.) ebd, 4/24 Carlton (12) ebd. Late south 5/24 Ramsey MWS, 5/28 Scott ebd, 5/30 Ramsey ebd (median 5/16). |
| 2022 | Summer | 12 | 9 | Reported in all regions except West-central, Southwest, South-central. Presumed late migrant 6/1 Houston AAz. |
| 2022 | Fall | 29 | 46 | Early south migrants (median 8/27) 8/3 Brown (BTS), 8/15 Wright ebd, 8/23 Yellow Medicine BTS, 8/25 Carver JCy. High counts 9/22 St. Louis (13, Brighton Beach) HTo, ASu, SeM, IDv, 10/4 Hennepin (13, Powderhorn Park) LrV. |
| |
| | Breeds north and east. Migrant and winter visitant throughout. |
